In-Depth

An Ounce of Prevention

Disaster recovery planning can be worth a lot more than a pound of cure when your network goes down.

• By Laura E. Hunter
• 10/01/2004

As part of our contract with our co-location vendor, we take part in two-day drills twice a year. These are real-time drills, where we have 48 hours to re-create a fully functional network using nothing but replacement hardware and backup media. For this particular drill, we were concerned with rebuilding four mission-critical Windows 2000 servers:

• DC1: Our main domain controller (DC) that held three of the five Flexible Single Master Operations (FSMO) roles on the network
  
• APP1: An application server that also functioned as a DC to provide redundancy. APP1 held the other two FSMO roles on the network
  
• WWW1: Our corporate Web server
  
• MX1: Our corporate mail server, running Exchange 5.5

What follows is a diary of our 48-hour experience.

Day One, 8 a.m.: Assessment
We arrive and assess the replacement hardware provided by our co-location vendor. As a part of our contract, we were told that we would have identical replacements—we were asked to provide model numbers, serial numbers, the whole nine yards. The reality turns out to be slightly different. While our production environment is standardized on Compaq ProLiant servers, our replacement hardware is all in the Dell PowerEdge family.

This is disconcerting from a technical standpoint, but we are handed a copy of Microsoft Knowledge Base article 249694, "How to Move a Windows 2000 Installation to Different Hardware," and told it will work like a charm. On the other hand, it's a good reflection of reality. Let's face it, what's the likelihood you'll have exact duplicates of your production hardware waiting for you at a moment's notice?

So we set to work restoring our AD database onto the replacement hardware for DC1. The short version of KB 249694 goes something like this:

1. Install your production-level service pack.
   
2. Perform an authoritative restore of System State data.
   
3. Perform an in-place upgrade of Win2K.
   
4. Re-apply any service packs and hotfixes.

The first step is pretty intuitive: The service pack on the replacement hardware needs to match the service pack level on the production machine, so that versions of DLLs and other system files won't conflict after the restore is finished. To make the restore as smooth as possible, we also create volumes and partitions on the new hardware that exactly duplicates the production configuration. Once that's done, we reboot into AD Restore Mode and perform a full restore of DC1's System State.

Day One, 12 p.m.: Still "Hanging" Around
In staring at the hardware differences on the restore machines, I can't shake a sinking feeling that this isn't going to go quite as easily as our co-location support rep makes it sound. Sure enough, the first attempt leaves us hanging at the final "Preparing network connections…" screen on the final reboot. Because I'm occasionally impatient during processes like this, I choose that point to go to lunch, to see if the newly restored server just needs a little more time to finalize its settings. Forty-five minutes later? Still sitting on the same screen.

We spend the remainder of the afternoon retrying the AD restore with limited success. We attempt the in-place upgrade a few more times, various permutations of authoritative vs. non-authoritative restores, then a Repair Installation once or twice for good measure. But the System State information seems patently unwilling to restore onto such completely different hardware, leaving us with Blue Screens of Death or interminable hanging at various stages in the startup process before we wipe the hard drive with Fdisk and start over.

Day One, 11 p.m.: Partial Success
Because we have only a 48-hour window to test our restore procedures, we put the AD restore aside and spend the rest of the afternoon and evening restoring our application data, working around the lack of AD information wherever possible. Most notably, we aren't able to do anything with Exchange without a working domain to join the server to. By about 11 p.m., having restored most of our application data, we declare the day at least a partial success. We decide to tackle the AD restore with fresh eyes after a night's sleep.

Day Two, 7 a.m.: Disappearing DNS
Ramped up on about a thousand volts of Starbuck's espresso, we take another look at the AD restore. After some brainstorming, we realize that one potential complication might be our production DNS configuration. As part of a large, heterogeneous internetwork, our production AD infrastructure relies on a centralized Unix BIND server for DNS; individual offices don't run Windows DNS servers within the individual LANs. But because the drill is taking place in connectivity isolation, so that we can bring up restored systems without bringing down their production counterparts, our restored DCs are pointing to DNS servers that essentially don't exist.

We try installing and configuring the DNS Server service. After configuring the replacement server to point to itself for DNS queries, we perform the System State restore again. While we finally made it to a desktop (Huzzah!), the event logs are littered with DNS errors—we overwrote a System State that contained DNS information with one that did not. "No problem," I say, "we'll just uninstall and re-install the service and then everything will be fine." No such luck. Fdisk, try it again—'round and 'round we go.

Day Two, 12 p.m.: A Smaller Hammer
By this point we're fairly convinced that our attempts at a full System State restore are roughly equivalent to swinging a sledgehammer at a finish nail, so we begin to look for a more finessed approach. After another few hours of trial and error, we finally devise a solution. We need DNS to be running on our restored network, but DC1 can't be the machine to run it. We install DNS on the APP1 server instead, pointing DC1 to APP1 and enabling dynamic updates. We then return to DC1 and install AD on it by running Dcpromo, creating a domain with the same name as our production domain. (Again, we are in connectivity isolation, so we know this won't interfere with name resolution on our production network.)

Once we verify that AD is installed on DC1, and that the necessary DNS records have been created in the DNS zone on APP1, we reboot into AD Restore Mode and attempt the restore one final time. But instead of restoring the full System State, we restore the AD database only, without any of the associated system files to avoid landing in the "conflicting DLL" quagmire yet again. We then use ntdsutil to mark the restore as authoritative, and restore the boot.ini file to ensure that the ARC paths—which provide the location of the system and boot partitions—haven't been altered. By restoring the boot.ini file, we're ensuring that the OS will have the correct location of the system and boot partitions if System Restore overwrites the ARC paths.

Day Two, 4 p.m.: Try, Try Again
We still aren't quite out of the woods, though, since the next reboot leaves us stuck on the now all-too-familiar "Preparing network connections …" screen. Our next step is to run a repair installation.

Unlike an in-place upgrade, a repair installation re-scans the computer's Plug & Play hardware and updates the %Systemroot%\ Repair directory. Before rebooting from the restore, we remove the display adapters and NICs from the Win2K Device Manager so the install will re-detect them. During a few run-throughs, we find the NIC configuration is still incorrect after the repair, requiring us to remove the NICs a second time and re-scan for new hardware in Device Manager. Once the network adapters are properly recognized, we reset the IP configuration to communicate on the appropriate subnet.

Day Two, 6 p.m.: Victory!
Finally, we have success. The server boots with minimal fuss, and a visit to Active Directory Users & Computers shows all of our Organizational Units (OUs), computer, group and user objects sitting exactly where we want them. All that's left is some cleanup. (Okay, that and letting out a few victory screams in the middle of the co-lo room. Don't ask about the strange looks that garners.)

Our final cleanup involves a quick trip back to DS Restore mode and ntdsutil to perform a metadata cleanup of the restored AD database. It includes references to some DCs we decommissioned a year ago that we'd simply forgotten about. (This also serves to point out some needed maintenance on the production network, since these "ghost" entries in the AD database could lead to replication issues, and troubles during software installations or upgrades.) We also disable some extraneous services added during the restore, the software for which hadn't been installed at the disaster recovery site. We finish up with a final service pack re-install, and are finally left with a functioning DC and AD database.

Day Two, 7 p.m.: Burgers and Beers
Being fortuitously close to 7 p.m. anyway, we call the drill a success and adjourn for a few beverages and greasy bar appetizers, followed by a well-deserved night's rest before returning to the "real world" of the daily office grind.